PIGMENTATION

What Are Skin Spots?

Skin spots occur when melanin production increases or pigment becomes concentrated in specific areas. Sun exposure, hormones, acne and aging are common triggers.

Types of Skin Spots

1. Melasma

• Triggered by hormones and UV exposure
• Common on cheeks, forehead and upper lip

2. Sunspots (Solar Lentigines)

• Caused by long-term UV exposure
• Increase with age

3. Post-Inflammatory Hyperpigmentation (PIH)

• Dark marks after acne or skin injury

4. Freckles

• Genetic and UV-induced
• More visible in fair skin

5. Hypopigmentation

• Reduced pigment in certain areas
• May occur after injury or infection

Treatment Methods for Skin Spots

1. Topical Treatments

• Creams and serums
• Show results within 4–12 weeks

2. Chemical Peels

• AHA, BHA, TCA peeling
• Removes surface discoloration

3. Laser Treatments

• Q-Switch, Fractional Laser, IPL
• Effective for deep pigment

4. Microneedling

• Stimulates skin repair
• Useful for acne marks and PIH

5. Mesotherapy

• Injection of brightening cocktails

6. Sunscreen (SPF 30–50)

Essential for preventing recurrence.

Most Effective Active Ingredients for Hyperpigmentation

1. Vitamin C

Brightens and evens skin tone.

2. Niacinamide

Reduces melanin transfer and calms the skin.

3. Retinoids

Boost cell turnover and reduce deep spots.

4. AHA Acids

Exfoliate the surface layer of the skin.

5. Azelaic Acid

Great for PIH and melasma.

6. Kojic Acid

Inhibits melanin production.

7. Tranexamic Acid

Effective in stubborn melasma.

8. Arbutin

Brightens and lightens dark areas.

9. Licorice Extract

Gentle, plant-based brightener.

Suggested Home Routine

Morning:

1. Gentle cleanser
2. Vitamin C or Niacinamide
3. Moisturizer
4. SPF 50

Night:

1. Cleanser
2. Retinol or AHA
3. Moisturizer
4. Brightening serums 2–3x weekly